lecture of environmental pollution and management tools
- Course Title: Environmental Pollution and Management Tools
- Course Code: ENV. 301 Year III (Compulsory)
- Full marks: 100
- Pass marks: 35
- Lecture hours: 150
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Syllabus Of BSC 1st Year Environment Science Theory And practical
Objectives
The broad objective of this subject is to acquaint students on the problems of environmental
pollution and assess environmental impacts of development projects and help them learn related
management tools. The specific objectives of the course are as follows:
pollution and assess environmental impacts of development projects and help them learn related
management tools. The specific objectives of the course are as follows:
The specific objectives are:
- To make students able to understand of emission and transport of various pollutants in air, water, soil, noise and its effects in environment
- To acquaint students with municipal and hazardous solid wastes
- To introduce students in assessing environmental impacts on various steps of project cycle
- To familiarize with the environmental management system
Unit 1: Environmental Pollution................................. 10 hrs
Definition, type, source; Major categories of environmental pollution: Pollution of earth surface
(land and water), the pollution of atmosphere; Entry of pollutant in the environment; Transfer,
transport and dilution of pollutants.
(land and water), the pollution of atmosphere; Entry of pollutant in the environment; Transfer,
transport and dilution of pollutants.
1.1 Air Pollution and Aerosols..................................... 20 hrs
Air pollution: History of air pollution episodes, natural versus polluted atmosphere; Sources;
Different types of air pollutants; Criterion and hazardous air pollutants; Effects on human health,
plants, animals and materials; Expression units for pollutants concentrations -gaseous and
particulates; Concept of air quality index and interpretation; Indoor air pollution: sources, major
indoor air pollutants, effects and control; Atmospheric aerosols: Formation, sources, chemical
composition, types, vertical variation of aerosol; Radiative effects of atmospheric aerosol; Transboundary air pollution; Global issues: Green house effect, atmospheric brown cloud, ozone
depletion.
Different types of air pollutants; Criterion and hazardous air pollutants; Effects on human health,
plants, animals and materials; Expression units for pollutants concentrations -gaseous and
particulates; Concept of air quality index and interpretation; Indoor air pollution: sources, major
indoor air pollutants, effects and control; Atmospheric aerosols: Formation, sources, chemical
composition, types, vertical variation of aerosol; Radiative effects of atmospheric aerosol; Transboundary air pollution; Global issues: Green house effect, atmospheric brown cloud, ozone
depletion.
1.2 Water Pollution........................................ 20 hrs
Sources of water pollution: Point source and non-point source; Types of water pollution:
Groundwater, surface water and marine; Major types of water pollutants; Water quality
parameters: physical, chemical and biological; Water treatment: Scope: Processes – aeration,
Wastewater characteristic; Types and sources, need of treatment; Characteristics of municipal
and industrial wastewater; Working mechanisms of primary, secondary/biological and tertiary:
Sludge disposal.
Groundwater, surface water and marine; Major types of water pollutants; Water quality
parameters: physical, chemical and biological; Water treatment: Scope: Processes – aeration,
Wastewater characteristic; Types and sources, need of treatment; Characteristics of municipal
and industrial wastewater; Working mechanisms of primary, secondary/biological and tertiary:
Sludge disposal.
1.3 Noise Pollution ........................................15 hrs
Sound and Noise; Properties of sound; Sources of noise; Noise descriptors: Equivalent sound
pressure, average day night sound pressure level, sound exposure level, noise number index,
percentile level; Sound measurement equipment; Health effects and control measures: source
control, path control & receiver control.
pressure, average day night sound pressure level, sound exposure level, noise number index,
percentile level; Sound measurement equipment; Health effects and control measures: source
control, path control & receiver control.
1.4 Soil Pollution.................................................... 15 hrs
Fundamental of soil properties; Field indicators of soil loss; Major sources of soil pollution;
Concept about soil quality index and salinity hazard; Effect of soil pollution; Soil pollution
control measures.
Concept about soil quality index and salinity hazard; Effect of soil pollution; Soil pollution
control measures.
Unit 2: Environmental Assessment
Introduction and the Process ..................................... 20 hrs
Project development: Development, development infrastructures and environmental
consideration; Tools for the environment inclusion in Development; Initiation of Environmental
Assessment; History of Environmental Assessment; Legal Requirement of Environmental
Assessment; Components of project cycle; Environmental inclusion on various steps of project
cycle; Environmental Assessment related legal aspects in Nepal.
Environment Assessment(EA) and its types; The EA Process; Environmental screening; Scoping
to determine the Terms of Reference (TOR); Terms of Reference; Initial environmental
examination/environmental impact assessment (differences); Types of impact; Baseline
Information (physical, biological, cultural environment/human development); Methods of
collecting baseline information; Issues identification; Mechanism to give the weight age for
issues; Prioritization of Issues; Project Alternatives Analysis; Potential Impact Identification;
Public Involvement in environmental inclusion in development; Steps of Environmental
Assessments in Nepal.
consideration; Tools for the environment inclusion in Development; Initiation of Environmental
Assessment; History of Environmental Assessment; Legal Requirement of Environmental
Assessment; Components of project cycle; Environmental inclusion on various steps of project
cycle; Environmental Assessment related legal aspects in Nepal.
Environment Assessment(EA) and its types; The EA Process; Environmental screening; Scoping
to determine the Terms of Reference (TOR); Terms of Reference; Initial environmental
examination/environmental impact assessment (differences); Types of impact; Baseline
Information (physical, biological, cultural environment/human development); Methods of
collecting baseline information; Issues identification; Mechanism to give the weight age for
issues; Prioritization of Issues; Project Alternatives Analysis; Potential Impact Identification;
Public Involvement in environmental inclusion in development; Steps of Environmental
Assessments in Nepal.
Unit 3: Impacts Assessment Techniques and Mitigation Measures..... 15 hrs
Method of impact identification: Checklist, interaction matrix, overlay mapping, networks, GIS,
Task specific computer model, expert system; Impact prediction: Introduction, method of impact
prediction, uncertainty of impact prediction, impact ranking and comparison of alternatives;
Evaluation and determination of significance; Categorization of impacts; Mitigation measures;
Public participation and consultations; Environmental Management Plan; Case studies.
Task specific computer model, expert system; Impact prediction: Introduction, method of impact
prediction, uncertainty of impact prediction, impact ranking and comparison of alternatives;
Evaluation and determination of significance; Categorization of impacts; Mitigation measures;
Public participation and consultations; Environmental Management Plan; Case studies.
Unit 4: Environmental Monitoring, Auditing and Governance..... 20 hrs
Monitoring: introduction and types of monitoring, monitoring criteria and methodologies,
monitoring indicators and monitoring processes; Environmental auditing: introduction, types of
audit, timeframe for conducting audit, environment auditing plan.
monitoring indicators and monitoring processes; Environmental auditing: introduction, types of
audit, timeframe for conducting audit, environment auditing plan.
Environmental Governance: Concept, scope and importance of environmental governance;
Sustainable requirement of environmental governance; Environment governance: principle and
practices; Environmental governance in Nepal; National legislative framework: Environment
Protection Act (EPA), Environment Protection Rule (EPR); Sectoral environmental legislations:
National strategy, plans and polices, guidelines, manuals and standards; Legislative framework;
International convention and treaties; Major International conventions adopted by Nepal;
Environmental justice; Good governance; Capacities of EG (Legal and institutional frame work
decision making knowledge, enforcement and incentives, integration mechanism); Concept of
EG models (Concept of UNEP, Compliance, Cleaner production).
Sustainable requirement of environmental governance; Environment governance: principle and
practices; Environmental governance in Nepal; National legislative framework: Environment
Protection Act (EPA), Environment Protection Rule (EPR); Sectoral environmental legislations:
National strategy, plans and polices, guidelines, manuals and standards; Legislative framework;
International convention and treaties; Major International conventions adopted by Nepal;
Environmental justice; Good governance; Capacities of EG (Legal and institutional frame work
decision making knowledge, enforcement and incentives, integration mechanism); Concept of
EG models (Concept of UNEP, Compliance, Cleaner production).
Unit 5: Environmental Management System........... 15 hrs
Environmental management tools and their application: green productivity (GP), environmentalmanagement system (EMS), cleaner production (CP) and life cycle assessment (LCA);
Introduction to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ISO 14000 series;
Historical development of EMS; Introduction and requirements of EMS; Introduction of Quality
Management System (QMS). Stages of EMS implementation; environmental review, identification of significantenvironmental aspects, documentation requirements of EMS, environmental policy, objectives, and programs, operation control, review. Certification process of EMA; EMS auditing and mechanism for certification in Nepal; case studies.
References:
1. Agrawal, K.M., Sikdar, P.K., Deb., S.C. (2005). A Text Book of Environment.
Macmillan India Limited.
2. Amacher, Michael C.; O‟Neil, Katherine P.; Perry, Charles H. (2007). Soil vital signs: A
new Soil Quality Index (SQI) for assessing forest soil health. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP65WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture
3. De, A. K. (2010). Environmental Chemistry, 17th edition. New age international
publishers.
4. Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules, 1997. Ministry of
Environment, Science and Technology, Nepal
5. ISO. (2004). International Standard ISO 14001, Reference No. 14001:2004 (E),
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
6. Khadka, R.B. (1997). EIA Training Manual for Professionals and Managers. Asian
Regional Environmental Assessment Program. IUCN, Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. Khadka, R.B., Gorzula, S., Joshi A.R., Guragain, S., Mathema, A.B. (2013).
Environmental Impact Assessment: Process, Methods and Practices in South Asia
(Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal), 1st edition. SchEMS and IED/RCBI, New
Baneshwor.
8. Lohani B.N., Evans J.W., Robert R., Richard A., and Liang, S. (1997). Environmental
Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia: Overview and selected case
studies, Volume I & Volume II. Asian Development Bank.
9. Masters, G.M. and Ela, WP. (2013). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science, 3rd Edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, Delhi.
10. Miller, Jr. G. T. and Spoolman, S.E. (2009). Living in the Environment: Concepts,
Connections, and Solutions, 16th Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
11. Najam, A., Papa, M., and Taiyab, N. (2006). Global Environmental Governance - A
Reform Agenda, iisd, Denmark.
12. NPC and IUCN (1993). National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines. National
Conservation Strategy Implementation Project, Kathmandu.
13. Rijal, K. and Sapkota, R.P. (2012). Environmental Management Systems: Concept and
Approaches, Printwell Offset Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.
14. Santra, S.C. (2005). Environmental Science, 2nd Edition. New Central Book Agency (P)
Ltd, Kolkata.
15. Sapkota, B. (2004). Fundamental of Noise Pollution, Department of Physics, Pulchowk
Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal
16. The World Bank. (1999). World Bank Safeguards Policies – Environmental Assessment.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
17. Uprety, B.K. (2003). Safeguarding the Resources, Environment Impact Assessment,
Process and Practices. Shikhar Samundra Offset, Bagbazar, Kathmandu.
1. Agrawal, K.M., Sikdar, P.K., Deb., S.C. (2005). A Text Book of Environment.
Macmillan India Limited.
2. Amacher, Michael C.; O‟Neil, Katherine P.; Perry, Charles H. (2007). Soil vital signs: A
new Soil Quality Index (SQI) for assessing forest soil health. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP65WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture
3. De, A. K. (2010). Environmental Chemistry, 17th edition. New age international
publishers.
4. Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules, 1997. Ministry of
Environment, Science and Technology, Nepal
5. ISO. (2004). International Standard ISO 14001, Reference No. 14001:2004 (E),
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
6. Khadka, R.B. (1997). EIA Training Manual for Professionals and Managers. Asian
Regional Environmental Assessment Program. IUCN, Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. Khadka, R.B., Gorzula, S., Joshi A.R., Guragain, S., Mathema, A.B. (2013).
Environmental Impact Assessment: Process, Methods and Practices in South Asia
(Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal), 1st edition. SchEMS and IED/RCBI, New
Baneshwor.
8. Lohani B.N., Evans J.W., Robert R., Richard A., and Liang, S. (1997). Environmental
Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia: Overview and selected case
studies, Volume I & Volume II. Asian Development Bank.
9. Masters, G.M. and Ela, WP. (2013). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science, 3rd Edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, Delhi.
10. Miller, Jr. G. T. and Spoolman, S.E. (2009). Living in the Environment: Concepts,
Connections, and Solutions, 16th Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
11. Najam, A., Papa, M., and Taiyab, N. (2006). Global Environmental Governance - A
Reform Agenda, iisd, Denmark.
12. NPC and IUCN (1993). National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines. National
Conservation Strategy Implementation Project, Kathmandu.
13. Rijal, K. and Sapkota, R.P. (2012). Environmental Management Systems: Concept and
Approaches, Printwell Offset Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.
14. Santra, S.C. (2005). Environmental Science, 2nd Edition. New Central Book Agency (P)
Ltd, Kolkata.
15. Sapkota, B. (2004). Fundamental of Noise Pollution, Department of Physics, Pulchowk
Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal
16. The World Bank. (1999). World Bank Safeguards Policies – Environmental Assessment.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
17. Uprety, B.K. (2003). Safeguarding the Resources, Environment Impact Assessment,
Process and Practices. Shikhar Samundra Offset, Bagbazar, Kathmandu.
bsc 3rd year syllabus environmental science tu
Practical of Environmental Pollution and Management Tools
- Course Title: Environmental Pollution and Management Tools
- Course No: ENV. 302
- Nature of Course: Practical (Compulsory)
- Full marks: 50
- Pass marks: 20
- Working hours: 150
1. Study the instrumentation techniques of air pollutants (gravity settling chamber,
spectrophotometer, cyclone collector, dynamic precipitator, spray tower, dry venturi
scrubber, charcoal absorption tube, electrostatic precipitator, fabric filter etc.).
2. Examine air pollution using:
a. Natural indicators (e.g. vegetation)
b. Standard methods or sampling for parameters such as SOx, NOx, etc. as indicator
in indoor and ambient air.
3. Study of water pollution using following parameters:
a. Free Carbondioxide; Dissolved Oxygen (DO); BOD and COD and Heavy metals.
4. Determination of iron by spectrophotometric technique or AAS in groundwater samples.
5. Measure and compare the noise levels in public, residential and business area.
6. Study of physical and chemical characteristics of soil (temperature, pH, moisture, nitrate,
phosphate, potassium, organic matter, C: N ratio).
7. Determination of soil pH and conductivity from different agricultural setting.
8. Determination of texture in soil by hygrometric method.
9. Conduct an Environmental Assessment and prepare a report of an ongoing or possible
development works (e.g. construction of road, residential complex, hospital,
establishment of cottage industries, hydropower plant, landfill site etc.).
(Field work of at least five days is required for stakeholder/public consultations and data
collection - primary and secondary).
10. Develop an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System for an industry
(manufacturing/service).
spectrophotometer, cyclone collector, dynamic precipitator, spray tower, dry venturi
scrubber, charcoal absorption tube, electrostatic precipitator, fabric filter etc.).
2. Examine air pollution using:
a. Natural indicators (e.g. vegetation)
b. Standard methods or sampling for parameters such as SOx, NOx, etc. as indicator
in indoor and ambient air.
3. Study of water pollution using following parameters:
a. Free Carbondioxide; Dissolved Oxygen (DO); BOD and COD and Heavy metals.
4. Determination of iron by spectrophotometric technique or AAS in groundwater samples.
5. Measure and compare the noise levels in public, residential and business area.
6. Study of physical and chemical characteristics of soil (temperature, pH, moisture, nitrate,
phosphate, potassium, organic matter, C: N ratio).
7. Determination of soil pH and conductivity from different agricultural setting.
8. Determination of texture in soil by hygrometric method.
9. Conduct an Environmental Assessment and prepare a report of an ongoing or possible
development works (e.g. construction of road, residential complex, hospital,
establishment of cottage industries, hydropower plant, landfill site etc.).
(Field work of at least five days is required for stakeholder/public consultations and data
collection - primary and secondary).
10. Develop an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System for an industry
(manufacturing/service).
bsc 3rd year syllabus environmental science tu
Ecological restoration and management course syllabus
- Course Title: Ecological Restoration and Management
- Course Code: ENV. 303
- Year IV (Elective - I)
- Full marks: 50
- Pass marks: 17.5
- Lecture hours: 75
Objectives
The broad objective of this course is to acquaint students on the fundamentals of ecological
restoration and management. The specific objectives of the course are:
restoration and management. The specific objectives of the course are:
- To make the students understand the concepts and knowledge of ecological processes and their implications on restoration.
- To provide the students with basic understanding on the applications pertaining to land and wildlife habitats restoration.
Unit 1: Ecological Processes............................................ 15 hrs
Ecosystem as an ecological unit; Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; Structural components;
Functional components: Energy flow, nutrient cycling; Physico-chemical components as limiting
factors in ecosystems; Life history pattern of species; Population growth and regulation;
Ecosystem productivity; Species interactions; Ecological niches; Plants and animals adaptation
to environment; Ecosystem development and succession; Disturbance ecology; Fire as an
ecological tool: disturbances, prescribed burning, fire-adapted ecosystems, fire suppression;
Biogeography of ecosystems; Human impacts on ecosystem health.
Functional components: Energy flow, nutrient cycling; Physico-chemical components as limiting
factors in ecosystems; Life history pattern of species; Population growth and regulation;
Ecosystem productivity; Species interactions; Ecological niches; Plants and animals adaptation
to environment; Ecosystem development and succession; Disturbance ecology; Fire as an
ecological tool: disturbances, prescribed burning, fire-adapted ecosystems, fire suppression;
Biogeography of ecosystems; Human impacts on ecosystem health.
Unit 2: Conceptual Framework on Ecological Restoration....... 15 hrs
Ecological Restoration: Terminologies, history and importance; Ecological theory and
restoration ecology; Hierarchical levels of consideration in Restoration Ecology; Restoration of
populations and communities; Disturbance and impairment of ecosystems; Ecological attributes
of restored ecosystems; Guidelines for restoration practices and steps; Reference sites; State and
transition model; Functional group and ecosystem engineers; Thresholds in ecosystem
degradation.
restoration ecology; Hierarchical levels of consideration in Restoration Ecology; Restoration of
populations and communities; Disturbance and impairment of ecosystems; Ecological attributes
of restored ecosystems; Guidelines for restoration practices and steps; Reference sites; State and
transition model; Functional group and ecosystem engineers; Thresholds in ecosystem
degradation.
Unit 3: Land Degradation and Restoration............................... 25 hrs
Causes and processes of land degradation: Natural hazards (flood, wind, unmanaged fire,
landslides, erosion), anthropogenic causes (land encroachment, poor farming practices,
overgrazing and overdrafting, land use change and developmental structures, unmanaged
transportation, quarrying, dumping wastes, soil contamination and acidification) and socioeconomic and policy factors; Ecosystem stability, sensitivity and resilience in relation to land
degradation processes;
landslides, erosion), anthropogenic causes (land encroachment, poor farming practices,
overgrazing and overdrafting, land use change and developmental structures, unmanaged
transportation, quarrying, dumping wastes, soil contamination and acidification) and socioeconomic and policy factors; Ecosystem stability, sensitivity and resilience in relation to land
degradation processes;
Quantitative evaluation of land degradation problems:
(a) evaluation of degradational problems at national, regional and global scale
(b) ecological, and economic indicators of ecosystem degradation - soil erosion, nutrient cycling, hydrological cycling, nutrient and water use efficiency, biodiversity, productivity, profitability
(c) rapid appraisal techniques;
Ecological basis of ecosystem restoration: Reproductive and growth strategies of
plants, nutrient/water uptake and use strategies, environmental controls on soil formation and
ecosystem productivity: vertical mulch, compost, tillage, topsoil salvage, soil biology and
fertility processes, plants-animals-microbes linkages;
plants, nutrient/water uptake and use strategies, environmental controls on soil formation and
ecosystem productivity: vertical mulch, compost, tillage, topsoil salvage, soil biology and
fertility processes, plants-animals-microbes linkages;
Socio-economic considerations in ecosystem restoration:
(a) Relationships between environmental, economic and social opportunities and constraints in restoration,
(b) Ecosystem restoration imperatives in developing and developed countries,
(c) Institutional requirements for ecosystem restoration,
(d) Consideration of socio-cultural values in developing restoration strategies; Case studies on
successful ecosystem projects.
successful ecosystem projects.
Unit 4: Habitat Restoration....................................... 20 hrs
Habitats and quantification; Wildlife habitat restoration: Introduction, desired conditions; Habitat
disturbances: Natural and human accelerated; Passive and active restoration; Ecosystem-scale
restoration of forests and wetlands; Methods to restore and monitor wildlife habitats (aquatic and
terrestrial); Formulation and implementation of restoration plans; Introduced/Exotic species;
Habitat restoration design concepts; Landscape restoration: Pattern and process; Connectivity:
matrix restoration, corridors, stepping stones; Metapopulation: Metapopulation networks,
metapopulation dynamics; Case studies on metapopulation approach to restoration.
disturbances: Natural and human accelerated; Passive and active restoration; Ecosystem-scale
restoration of forests and wetlands; Methods to restore and monitor wildlife habitats (aquatic and
terrestrial); Formulation and implementation of restoration plans; Introduced/Exotic species;
Habitat restoration design concepts; Landscape restoration: Pattern and process; Connectivity:
matrix restoration, corridors, stepping stones; Metapopulation: Metapopulation networks,
metapopulation dynamics; Case studies on metapopulation approach to restoration.
References
1. Clewell, A. and Aronson, J. (2013). Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and
Structure of an Emerging Profession, Society for Restoration Ecology International,
Island Press: Washington D.C., 2nd ed. ISBN 13: 978-1-61091-168-9.
2. Falk, D. A., Palmer, M. A., and Zedler, J. B. editors. (2006). Foundations of restoration
ecology, Society for Ecological Restoration International. Island Press, Washington,
D.C., USA.
3. Ferris, et al., (1996). Handbook of Western Reclamation Techniques, Office of Surface
Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Denver, CO.
4. Morrison, M.L. (2009). Restoring wildlife: Ecological concepts and practical
applications. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
5. SER International. (2002). Wildlife Restoration, Island Press.
6. SER International. (2004). Primer on Ecological Restoration, Society of Ecological
Restoration.
Structure of an Emerging Profession, Society for Restoration Ecology International,
Island Press: Washington D.C., 2nd ed. ISBN 13: 978-1-61091-168-9.
2. Falk, D. A., Palmer, M. A., and Zedler, J. B. editors. (2006). Foundations of restoration
ecology, Society for Ecological Restoration International. Island Press, Washington,
D.C., USA.
3. Ferris, et al., (1996). Handbook of Western Reclamation Techniques, Office of Surface
Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Denver, CO.
4. Morrison, M.L. (2009). Restoring wildlife: Ecological concepts and practical
applications. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
5. SER International. (2002). Wildlife Restoration, Island Press.
6. SER International. (2004). Primer on Ecological Restoration, Society of Ecological
Restoration.
bsc 3rd year syllabus environmental science tu
syllabus of solid waste management
- Course Title: Solid Waste Management
- Course No: ENV. 304
- Nature of Course: Theory (Elective)
- Full marks: 50
- Pass marks: 17.5
- Lecture hours: 75
Unit 1: Introduction and Characteristics of Solid Waste....... 15 hrs
Definition of waste, types of waste; Global scenario of waste, global and local issues on solid
waste management; Waste management hierarchy; Integrated solid waste management; Holistic
solid waste management; Waste management scenario in the context of Nepal.
Definition of municipal solid waste (MSW); Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of
municipal solid waste; Sources of municipal waste; Types of municipal waste; Composition of
municipal solid waste and its determination; Process of municipal solid waste management;
Social , environmental and economic aspects of MSW management; Types of materials
recovered from MSW.
waste management; Waste management hierarchy; Integrated solid waste management; Holistic
solid waste management; Waste management scenario in the context of Nepal.
Definition of municipal solid waste (MSW); Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of
municipal solid waste; Sources of municipal waste; Types of municipal waste; Composition of
municipal solid waste and its determination; Process of municipal solid waste management;
Social , environmental and economic aspects of MSW management; Types of materials
recovered from MSW.
Unit 2: Generation, Collection and Processing of Solid Waste..... 20 hrs
Assessment of solid waste generation and characteristics; Factors affecting solid waste
generation rate; Source reduction: quantity and toxicity, effects of source reduction, strategies for
source reduction.
The logistics of solid waste collection; Types of waste collection systems, equipment and
personnel requirements; Collection routes; Management of collection systems; Collection system
economics.
3R principle; Transfer station; Recycling and recovery of recyclable materials; Processing of
municipal solid waste e.g. storage, conveying, compacting, shredding, pulping, granulating etc;
Material recovery facilities (MRF); Recycling economics; Energy recovery from solid waste;
Effects of combustion; Composting of municipal solid wastes - principles, technology and
economics; case study.
generation rate; Source reduction: quantity and toxicity, effects of source reduction, strategies for
source reduction.
The logistics of solid waste collection; Types of waste collection systems, equipment and
personnel requirements; Collection routes; Management of collection systems; Collection system
economics.
3R principle; Transfer station; Recycling and recovery of recyclable materials; Processing of
municipal solid waste e.g. storage, conveying, compacting, shredding, pulping, granulating etc;
Material recovery facilities (MRF); Recycling economics; Energy recovery from solid waste;
Effects of combustion; Composting of municipal solid wastes - principles, technology and
economics; case study.
Unit 3: Disposal and Landfill Management..................... 15 hrs
Transfer station; Landfill: classification, planning and landfill processes; Landfill design
considerations; Generation and composition of landfill gases; Formation, composition and
management of leachate; Landfill operation; Environmental quality monitoring at landfills;
Landfill closure, post-closure care and remediation; case study.
considerations; Generation and composition of landfill gases; Formation, composition and
management of leachate; Landfill operation; Environmental quality monitoring at landfills;
Landfill closure, post-closure care and remediation; case study.
Unit 4: Hazardous and Special Wastes.......................... 10 hrs
Definition, identification and classification of hazardous solid waste; sources, impacts and
characteristics of hazardous solid waste; Bio-medical waste, its sources, generation, storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal; Hazardous waste management techniques; Special wastes
and e-wastes and their management; Disaster waste and its management; case study.
characteristics of hazardous solid waste; Bio-medical waste, its sources, generation, storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal; Hazardous waste management techniques; Special wastes
and e-wastes and their management; Disaster waste and its management; case study.
Unit 5: Institutions and Regulatory Framework......... 10 hrs
National level organization structure, human resource management, community mobilization,
financial management on SWM; Types of private sector participation and its benefits.
Policy, law and regulations, strategy related to SWM in Nepal; International laws and treaties
related to SWM; IEE/EIA related SWM projects; Solid Waste Management Act 2011 and
Regulations 2013 in Nepal; UNEP guidelines and legal framework for solid waste management.
financial management on SWM; Types of private sector participation and its benefits.
Policy, law and regulations, strategy related to SWM in Nepal; International laws and treaties
related to SWM; IEE/EIA related SWM projects; Solid Waste Management Act 2011 and
Regulations 2013 in Nepal; UNEP guidelines and legal framework for solid waste management.
References
1. Tchobanoglous, G. and Kreith, F. (2002). Handbook of Solid Waste Management Second
Edition; McGraw-Hill Publication, New York Chicago San Francisco.
2. ADB. (2013). Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current Status and Policy
Recommendations. Asian Development Bank, Philippines.
3. PAN and EU. (2008). Best Practices on Solid Waste Management in Nepalese Cities.
Practical Action Nepal, Kathmandu.
4. UN-HABITAT. (2010). Solid Waste Management in the World‟s Cities. United Nations
Human Settlements Programme. Earthscan Publications, London.
Edition; McGraw-Hill Publication, New York Chicago San Francisco.
2. ADB. (2013). Solid Waste Management in Nepal: Current Status and Policy
Recommendations. Asian Development Bank, Philippines.
3. PAN and EU. (2008). Best Practices on Solid Waste Management in Nepalese Cities.
Practical Action Nepal, Kathmandu.
4. UN-HABITAT. (2010). Solid Waste Management in the World‟s Cities. United Nations
Human Settlements Programme. Earthscan Publications, London.
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